Inteligencia artificial, noticias y medios de comunicación: Una aproximación jurídica desde la perspectiva de la propiedad intelectual al concepto y atribución de autoría.

Javier Díaz Noci

doi:10.56418/txt.17.1.2023.1

Authors

Javier Díaz Noci Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56418/txt.17.1.2023.1

Keywords:

inteligencia artificial, propiedad intelectual, derechos de autor, periodistas, medios de comunicación

Abstract

The application of artificial intelligence systems to produce news, that was already known from at least a decade ago, is proving to be a disruptive technology when open systems to generate texts or images using prompts are becoming popular. This poses, on its turn, many legal questions related to the management of authors’ and intellectual property rights. In this article, we analyse some tendences that propose some solutions on how to apply copyright and intellectual property laws to those works created with the help of AI systems. Thus, we consider the European Union’s way (and the Irish exception to it), which insists in a conception based on personal authorship, and which proposes to regulate the impact of artificial intelligence applying a system based on risks, to be possibly extended even to fundamental rights; the Common law system, which prefers a more flexible interpretation of authorship and admit that some outputs obtained using artificial intelligence could be creative, but authorless; and, finally, the Chinese hybrid way, a very powerful country form an economic point of view, which modulates the concepts of creativity and originality, and tries to put together property and authorship. Finally, we propose some conclusions, based on authorship transfer and on the increasing weight of companies (and, of course, of those tech giants that are behind AI systems, and the detrimental loss of importance of journalists in this new media landscape.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bonadio, E., Lucchi, N. y Mazziotti, G. (2022). Will Technology-Aided Creativity Force Us to Rethink Copyright’s Fundamentals? Highlights from the Platform Economy and Artificial Intelligence. IIC, 53, 1174–1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-022-01213-7

Canavilhas, J. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Journalism: Current Situation and Expectations in the Portuguese Sports Media. Journalism and Media, 3, 510–520. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3030035

Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2019). A Review of Artificial Intelligence Adoptions in the Media Industry, In-ternational Journal on Media Management, 21, 3-4, 193-215, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2019.1695619

De Lima Santos, M. y Ceron, W. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in News Media: Current Perceptions and Future Outlook. Journal. Media, 3, 13–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3010002

Díaz-Noci, J. (2020). Artificial intelligence systems-aided news and copyright: assessing legal implica-tions for journalism practices. Future Internet. 12(5):85. DOI: 10.3390/fi12050085

Dörr, K. N. (2016). Mapping the field of Algorithmic Journalism. Digital Journalism, 4(6(, 700-722, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748

Gonçalves, A. y Melo, P. V. (2022). Artificial intelligence and journalism: An approach to the Portu-guese context. Fonseca, Journal of Communication, 25, 23-34.

Grant, T. D.; Wischik, D. J. (2020). On the path to AI. Law’s prophecies and the conceptual foundations of the machine learning age. Cham: Springer.

Guadamuz, A. (2017). Artificial intelligence and copyright. WIPO Magazine. ttps://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2017/05/article_0003.html

Hansen, M., Roca-Sales, M., Keegan, J., y King, G. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Practice and implications for journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism.

Hartmann, C., Allan, J., Hugenholtz, P. B., Quintais, P y Gervais, D. (2020). Trends and Developments in Artificial Intelligence. Challenges to the Intellectual Property Rights Framework. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Helberger, N., y Diakopoulos, N. (2022). The European AI Act and How It Matters for Research into AI in Media and Journalism, Digital Journalism, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2082505

Hoeren, T. y Kolany-Raiser, B. (eds.) (2018). Big data in contexto. Legal, social and technological insights. Cham: Springer.

Israely, J. (2023). How Will journalists use ChatGTP? Cues froma newsroom that’s been using AI for years. NiemanLab. https://www.niemanlab.org/2023/03/how-will-journalists-use-chatgpt-clues-from-a-newsroom-thats-been-using-ai-for-years/

Karnouskos, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Digital Media: The Era of Deepfakes. IEEE Transac-tions on Technology and Society, 1(3), 138-147.

Kint, J. (2023). Spilled ink: How to prevent AI from vacuuming up your businessmodel. Digital Content Next. https://digitalcontentnext.org/blog/2023/03/02/spilled-ink-how-to-prevent-ai-from-vacuuming-up-your-business-model/

Kotenidis, E., y Veglis. A. (2021). Algorithmic Journalism—Current Applications and Future Perspec-tives. Journalism and Media, 2, 244–257. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2020014

Krausová, A. y Moravec, V. (2022). Disappearing authorship: Ethical protection of AI-generated news from the perspective of copyright and other laws. JIPITEC, 133-144.

Kuai, J.; Ferrer-Conill, R. y Karlsson, M. (2022), AI ≥ Journalism: How the Chinese Copyright Law Protects Tech Giants’ AI Innovations and Disrupts the Journalistic Institution. Digital Journalism, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2120032

Lee, J., Suh, T., Roy, D. y Baucus, M. (2019). Emerging Technology and Business Model Innovation: The Case of Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Open Innovation, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5030044

Liu, K.-C. y Racherla, U. S. (eds.) (2019). Innovation, economic development, and intelectual property in India and China. Comparing six economic sectors. Cham: Springer.

Lu, B. (2021). A theory of ‘authorship transfer’ and its application to the context of Artificial Intelli-gence creations. Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 11(1), 2–24.

Marconi, F. (2020). Newsmakers: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Journalism. Columbia University Press.

Margoni, T.; Quintais, J. P. y Schwemel, S. F. (2022). Algorithmic propagation: do property rights in data increase bias in content moderation? Kluwer Copyright Blog. https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2022/06/09/algorithmic-propagation-do-property-rights-in-data-increase-bias-in-content-moderation-part-ii/

Moravec, V., Macková, V., Sido, J. y Ekstein, K. (2020). The robotic reporter in the Czech news agency: Automated journalism and augmentation in the newsroom. Communication Today, 11(1), 37-52.

Murray, P. (2023). National: Artificial intelligence prompts use concerns. Monmouth University Poll. http://www.monmouth.edu/polling

Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022). Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: the percep-tion of experts, journalists and academics. Communication & Society, 35(3), 105-121.

Parratt-Fernández, S., Mayoral-Sánchez, J. y Mera-Fernández, M. (2021). The application of artificial intelligence to journalism: an analysis of academic production”. Profesional de la información, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.may.17

Peña-Fernández, S.; Agirreazkuenaga-Onaindia, I.; Larrondo-Ureta, A.; Mendiiguren-Galdospin, T.; Meso-Ayerdi, K.; Pérez-Dasilva, J. A. (2023). Narratovas automatizadas contra la desinformación y el discurso de odio para periodistas y redes sociales. En Peña-Fernández, S., Larrondo-Ureta, A. y Meso-Ayerdi, K. (eds.)., Peridismo automatizado y algoritmos (pp. 150-151). Universidad del País Vasco.

Sánchez-García, P., Merayo-Álvarez, N., Calvo-Barbero, C., y Diez-Gracia, A. (2023). Spanish techno-logical development of artificial intelligence applied to journalism: companies and tools for doc-umentation, production and distribution of information”. Profesional de la información, 32(2), https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.mar.08

Sangil, L.; Campos-Freire, F.; Pérez-Latre, F. J. (2023). Monetization of digital newspapers:Exp erimen-tation with brand extension and buying influence. Profesional de la información, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.ene.15

Scolari, C. y Guerrero-Solé, F. (2023, 27 de enero). ¿Me propones um título para um artículo sobre las implicaciones de ChatGTP em el campo de la comunicación?. El Periódico de Catalunya.

Stray, J. (2019). Making Artificial Intelligence Work for Investigative Journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(8), 1076-1097, DOI: jttps://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1630289

Tejedor, S. y Vila, P. (2021). Exo Journalism: A Conceptual Approach to a Hybrid Formula between Journalism and Artificial Intelligence. Journalism and Media, 2, 830–840. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2040048

Thäsler-Kordonouri, S. y Barling, K. (2023). Automated Journalism in UK Local Newsrooms: Atti-tudes, Integration, Impact. Journalism Practice, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2184413

transformaciones en la empresa, los productos, los contenidos y el perfil profesional. Communication & Society, 34(1), 177-193. https://www.doi.org/10.15581/003

Trapova, A. y Mezei, P. (2021). Robojournalism – A Copyright Study on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the European News Industry. SLS 2021 Annual Conference and IP After AI Conference 2021. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4032020

Túñez-López, J. M., Fieiras Ceide, C. y Vaz-Álvarez, M. (2021). Impacto de la Inteligencia Artificial en el Periodismo:

Ventura Pocino, P. (2021). Algorithms in the newsrooms. Challenges and recommendations for artificial intelligence with the ethical values of journalism. Barcelona: Consell de la Informació de Catalunya.

WIPO (2018). Artificial intelligence and intellectual property: an interview with Francis Gurry. WIPO Magazine. https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2018/05/article_0001.html